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scratch
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音标：英 [skrætʃ] 美 [skrætʃ]
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解释：
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n. 擦伤；抓痕；刮擦声；乱写
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adj. 打草稿用的；凑合的；碰巧的
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vt. 抓；刮；挖出；乱涂
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vi. 抓；搔；发刮擦声；勉强糊口；退出比赛
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助记提示：
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1. rat 老鼠 ch 吃 东西时用爪子抓、刮。
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2. scratch one's head 抓头。
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3. skyscraper => scrape => scratch ( p tch ).
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中文词源：
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scratch 抓，挠可能来自中古英语 scratten,抓，挠，最终来自 PIE*sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 scar,scrape.
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英文词源：
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scratch
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scratch: [15] Early Middle English had two words for ‘scratch’ – scrat and cratch; and it seems likely that scratch represents a blend of them. Where exactly they came from is not clear, although cratch is no doubt related to German kratzen ‘scratch’, and both probably had their origins in imitation of the sound of scratching.
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scratch (v.)
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c. 1400, probably a fusion of Middle English scratten and crachen, both meaning "to scratch," both of uncertain origin. Related: Scratched; scratching. Billiards sense of "to hit the cue ball into a pocket" is first recorded 1909 (also, originally, itch), though earlier it meant "a lucky shot" (1850). Meaning "to withdraw (a horse) from a race" is 1865, from notion of scratching name off list of competitors; used in a non-sporting sense of "cancel a plan, etc." from 1680s. To scratch the surface "make only slight progress in penetrating or understanding" is from 1882. To scratch (one's) head as a gesture of perplexity is recorded from 1712.
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scratch (n.)
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1580s, "slight skin tear produced by a sharp thing," from scratch (v.). Meaning "mark or slight furrow in metal, etc." is from 1660s. American English slang sense of "money" is from 1914, of uncertain signification. Many figurative senses (such as up to scratch, originally "ready to meet one's opponent") are from sporting use for "line or mark drawn as a starting place," attested from 1778 (but the earliest use is figurative); meaning "nothing" (as in from scratch) is 1918, generalized from specific 19c. sporting sense of "starting point of a competitor who receives no odds in a handicap match." Sense in billiards is from 1850. Scratch-pad is attested from 1883.
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Scratch (n.2)
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in Old Scratch "the Devil," 1740, from earlier Scrat, from Old Norse skratte "goblin, wizard," a word which was used in late Old English to gloss "hermaphrodite;" probably originally "monster" (compare Old High German scraz, scrato "satyr, wood demon," German Schratt, Old High German screz "a goblin, imp, dwarf;" borrowed from Germanic into Slavic, as in Polish skrzat "a goblin").
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双语例句：
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1. My mother always made me feel I wasn't coming up to scratch.
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母亲总是使我觉得自己不够优秀。
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来自柯林斯例句
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2. The old man lifted his cardigan to scratch his side.
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老人撩起开襟毛衣挠了挠身体的一侧。
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来自柯林斯例句
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3. Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging.
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建立一个全新的家庭既让人兴奋又富于挑战。
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来自柯林斯例句
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4. Knives will scratch the worktop.
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小刀会在工作台上留下划痕。
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来自柯林斯例句
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5. Scratch my back—I've got an itch.
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帮我挠挠背——有点痒。
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来自柯林斯例句
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更多相关例句：
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John yawned and scratched his chin.
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约翰打个哈欠，挠挠下巴。【牛津词典】
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The dog scratched itself behind the ear.
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狗用爪子挠挠耳后。【牛津词典】
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Try not to scratch.
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尽量别挠。【牛津词典】
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She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.
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她挠了挠胳膊上虫咬的包。【牛津词典】
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I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
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我把腿抓出了血。【牛津词典】
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She scratched herself on a nail.
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她在钉子上划了一下。【牛津词典】
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Does the cat scratch?
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这只猫抓人吗？【牛津词典】
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Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
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小心别刮坏家具。【牛津词典】
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The car's paintwork is badly scratched.
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车的漆面划损得很厉害。【牛津词典】
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They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a pitch.
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他们在地上划出一个球场。【牛津词典】
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We scratched some of the dirt away.
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我们刮掉了一些脏东西。【牛津词典】
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(figurative)You can scratch my name off the list.
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你可以把我的名字从名单上勾掉。【牛津词典】
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His pen scratched away on the paper.
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他的笔在纸上沙沙作响。【牛津词典】
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to scratch a rocket launch
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取消火箭发射计划【牛津词典】
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The horse was scratched from the race because of injury.
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这匹马因伤被取消了比赛资格。【牛津词典】
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She had scratched because of a knee injury.
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她因膝伤退出了比赛。【牛津词典】
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Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.
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她手上布满了荆棘划的口子。【牛津词典】
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a scratch on the paintwork
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漆面上的一道划痕【牛津词典】
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He scratched himself under his arm...
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他在胳膊下面挠了挠。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The old man lifted his cardigan to scratch his side...
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老人撩起开襟毛衣挠了挠身体的一侧。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The branches tore at my jacket and scratched my hands and face...
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树枝刮破了我的夹克，划伤了我的手和脸。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Knives will scratch the worktop.
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小刀会在工作台上留下划痕。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The seven-year-old was found crying with scratches on his face and neck...
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那名 7 岁男孩被发现时正在哭泣，脸部和颈部都有划伤。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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I pointed to a number of scratches in the tile floor.
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我指向地板砖上的一道道划痕。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging...
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建立一个全新的家庭既让人兴奋又富于挑战。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Hong Kong's manufacturing industry did not start from scratch in the post-war period.
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战后，香港制造业的兴起并非从零开始。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The Institute spends a lot of time scratching its head about how to boost American productivity.
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该协会花费大量时间苦苦思索如何提高美国的生产力。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Officials say they've only scratched the surface of the drug problem...
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官员们说他们只是触及了毒品问题的表面。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough time to scratch the surface.
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我们只有两周的时间游览马来西亚，连走马观花都来不及。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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My mother always made me feel I wasn't coming up to scratch.
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母亲总是使我觉得自己不够优秀。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she found any—the type I could have found on my own—I had to start from scratch.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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From scratch.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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He didn't want to start from scratch.【出自-2012年6月听力原文】
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Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she found any — the type I could have found on my own — I had to start from scratch.【2015年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B】
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Songdo, a city built from scratch in South Korea, is one of Kasarda's prime examples.【2019年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B】
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