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spirit
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音标：英 ['spɪrɪt] 美 ['spɪrɪt]
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解释：
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n. 精神；心灵；情绪；志气；烈酒
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vt. 鼓励；鼓舞；诱拐
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中文词源：
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spirit 精神，心灵，勇气，意志，烈酒，酒精，灵魂，小精灵，小妖精来自古法语 espirit,精神，灵魂，精气，来自拉丁语 spiritus,呼吸，吐气，神灵的呼吸，来自 spirare,呼吸，来自 PIE*speis,吹，词源同 conspire,perspire,respire.引申诸相关比喻义。比较另 一个拉丁词 anima,呼吸，生命，衍生词 animal,animation.
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英文词源：
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spirit
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spirit: [13] Latin spīritus originally meant ‘breath’: it was derived from the verb spīrāre ‘breathe’ (source of English aspire [15], conspire [14], expire [15], inspire [14], perspire [17], respire [14], transpire [16], etc), which probably came ultimately from the prehistoric Indo-European base *speis- or *peis-, imitative of the sound of blowing or breathing out (source also of Old Church Slavonic piskati ‘whistle’, Serbo-Croat pistati ‘hiss’, and Old Norse físa ‘fart’).
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But in the Augustan period it gradually began to take over as the word for ‘soul’ from anima (source of English animal, animate, etc), which itself originally denoted ‘breath’, and in Christian Latin writings it was the standard term used.
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=> aspire, conspire, expire, inspire, perspire, respire, transpire
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spirit (n.)
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mid-13c., "animating or vital principle in man and animals," from Anglo-French spirit, Old French espirit "spirit, soul" (12c., Modern French esprit) and directly from Latin spiritus "a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath; breath of a god," hence "inspiration; breath of life," hence "life;" also "disposition, character; high spirit, vigor, courage; pride, arrogance," related to spirare "to breathe," from PIE *(s)peis- "to blow" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic pisto "to play on the flute").
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Meaning "supernatural immaterial creature; angel, demon; an apparition, invisible corporeal being of an airy nature" is attested from mid-14c.; from late 14c. as "a ghost" (see ghost (n.)). From c. 1500 as "a nature, character"; sense of "essential principle of something" (in a non-theological context, as in Spirit of St. Louis) is attested from 1680s, common after 1800; Spirit of '76 in reference to the qualities that sparked and sustained the American Revolution is attested by 1797 in William Cobbett's "Porcupine's Gazette and Daily Advertiser."
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From late 14c. in alchemy as "volatile substance; distillate;" from c. 1500 as "substance capable of uniting the fixed and the volatile elements of the philosopher's stone." Hence spirits "volatile substance;" sense narrowed to "strong alcoholic liquor" by 1670s. This also is the sense in spirit level (1768). Also from mid-14c. as "character, disposition; way of thinking and feeling, state of mind; source of a human desire;" in Middle English freedom of spirit meant "freedom of choice." From late 14c. as "divine substance, divine mind, God;" also "Christ" or His divine nature; "the Holy Ghost; divine power;" also, "extension of divine power to man; inspiration, a charismatic state; charismatic power, especially of prophecy." Also "essential nature, essential quality." From 1580s in metaphoric sense "animation, vitality."
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According to Barnhart and OED, originally in English mainly from passages in Vulgate, where the Latin word translates Greek pneuma and Hebrew ruah. Distinction between "soul" and "spirit" (as "seat of emotions") became current in Christian terminology (such as Greek psykhe vs. pneuma, Latin anima vs. spiritus) but "is without significance for earlier periods" [Buck]. Latin spiritus, usually in classical Latin "breath," replaces animus in the sense "spirit" in the imperial period and appears in Christian writings as the usual equivalent of Greek pneuma. Spirit-rapping is from 1852.
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spirit (v.)
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1590s, "to make more active or energetic" (of blood, alcohol, etc.), from spirit (n.). The meaning "carry off or away secretly" (as though by supernatural agency) is first recorded 1660s. Related: Spirited; spiriting.
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双语例句：
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1. The requirement for work permits violates the spirit of the 1950 treaty.
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对工作许可证的要求违反了1950年条约的精神。
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来自柯林斯例句
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2. This adaptation perfectly captures the spirit of Kurt Vonnegut's novel.
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这次改编非常好地抓住了库尔特·冯内古特小说的精髓。
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来自柯林斯例句
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3. Alaskan Eskimos believe that every living creature possesses a spirit.
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阿拉斯加的爱斯基摩人认为每一个活着的生物都有灵魂。
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来自柯林斯例句
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4. I like to think of myself as a free spirit.
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我愿意把自己看成是个无拘无束的人。
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来自柯林斯例句
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5. Their problem can only be solved in a spirit of compromise.
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他们的问题只能通过妥协来解决。
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来自柯林斯例句
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更多相关例句：
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the power of the human spirit to overcome difficulties
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人类克服困难的精神力量【牛津词典】
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to be in high/low spirits
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情绪高 / 低【牛津词典】
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You must try and keep your spirits up (= stay cheerful) .
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你必须设法保持高昂的情绪。【牛津词典】
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My spirits sank at the prospect of starting all over again.
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想到一切都得从头再来，我的情绪一下子低落了。【牛津词典】
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a brave spirit
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勇敢的人【牛津词典】
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kindred spirits (= people who like the same things as you)
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志趣相投的人【牛津词典】
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Show a little fighting spirit .
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要表现出一点斗志。【牛津词典】
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Although the team lost, they played with tremendous spirit.
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尽管输了，但队员表现得极为勇猛。【牛津词典】
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They took away his freedom and broke his spirit.
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他们夺去了他的自由，摧垮了他的意志。【牛津词典】
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The human spirit is virtually indestructible...
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人的精神实际上是不可摧毁的。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Marian retains a restless, youthful spirit, in search of new horizons.
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玛丽安怀着一颗年轻、不断进取的心去寻求新的天地。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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His spirit has left him and all that remains is the shell of his body.
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他已灵魂出窍，剩下的只是他的躯壳。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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...protection against evil spirits.
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避邪【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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She was a very brave girl and everyone who knew her admired her spirit.
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她是个非常勇敢的女孩，认识她的人都敬佩她的勇气。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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They played with spirit.
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他们打得生龙活虎。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Their problem can only be solved in a spirit of compromise...
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他们的问题只能通过妥协来解决。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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They approached the talks in a conciliatory spirit.
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他们抱一种和解的态度去参加谈判。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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There is a great sense of team spirit among the British Olympic squad...
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在英国的奥运代表团中有一种强烈的团队精神。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The president has appealed to the Brazilian people for patriotism and community spirit.
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总统已经呼吁巴西人民要有爱国情怀和集体主义精神。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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...the real spirit of the Labour movement.
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劳工运动的精髓【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The requirement for work permits violates the spirit of the 1950 treaty.
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对工作许可证的要求违反了 1950 年条约的精神。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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I like to think of myself as a free spirit...
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我愿意把自己看成是个无拘无束的人。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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He was the founder and guiding spirit of New York's Shakespeare Festival.
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他是纽约莎士比亚戏剧节的创始人及领导者。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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At supper, everyone was in high spirits...
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晚餐时，每个人都兴致勃勃。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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A bit of exercise will help lift his spirits.
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进行一点儿体育锻炼能帮助他改善情绪。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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He was spirited away and probably murdered...
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他被秘密带走，可能被杀害了。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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His parents had spirited him away to the country...
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他的父母偷偷地将他带到了该国。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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In spirit I was with you here.
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我在精神上支持你。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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They seemed close in spirit to those first independent-minded Turkish women who took professions...
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她们在本质上似乎和那些最早出去工作的具有独立思想的土耳其女性很相似。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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It is independent in spirit.
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它本质上是独立的。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Companies, marketers and teachers have long looked for fun ways to engage people's reward-seeking or competitive spirits.【出自-2016年12月阅读原文】
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With Mr Jobs gone, Apple is just one of many technology firms trying to arouse his uncontrollable spirit in new products.【出自-2012年12月阅读原文】
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It helps to create team spirit【出自-2011年12月阅读原文】
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teaching can be designed to promote boys'eam spirit【出自-2011年12月阅读原文】
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They help develop people's community spirit.【出自-2010年12月阅读原文】
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How much is today's spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past? A mere generation ago, parentchild relations were described as the generation gap.【出自-2016年6月阅读原文】
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It symbolized the American spirit.【出自-2013年12月阅读原文】
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He was happy to see the return of the do-it-yourself spirit in America.【出自-2013年6月阅读原文】
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But such a Darwinian spirit is beginning to give way as at least a few colleges face up to the graduation gap.【出自-2011年6月阅读原文】
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A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way,say advocates,to address a ‘crisis' in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced.【2017年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B】
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How much is today's spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past?【2016年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B】
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If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine.【2019年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C】
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with the proceeds pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.【2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C】
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After all, "patty poem" gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.【2016年高考英语上海卷 阅读理解 阅读A 原文】
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Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday spirit.【2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读A 原文】
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Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music.【2019年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 七选五 原文】
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How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of "understanding" that can be dug out of a book.【2015年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读A 原文】
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However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities or more brilliant friends online.【2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文】
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They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.【2018年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 七选五 原文】
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We regarded this as a chance to prove the human spirit.【2015年高考英语上海卷 听力 原文】
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When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.【出自-2013年考研翻译原文】
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Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left- liberal propaganda.【出自-2014年考研阅读原文】
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When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.【出自-2015年考研阅读原文】
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Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive, " or left- liberal propaganda.【2014年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ】
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When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity.【2015年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ】
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While it probably wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.【2014年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ】
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