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rough
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音标：英 [rʌf] 美 [rʌf]
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解释：
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adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的
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vt. 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟
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n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分
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vi. 举止粗野
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adv. 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地
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n. (Rough)人名；(英)拉夫
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中文词源：
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rough 粗糙的，粗鲁的，粗野的来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 PIE*reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。
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英文词源：
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rough
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rough: [OE] Rough goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *rūkhwaz, which also produced German rauh and Dutch ruw. Despite the similarity of form and sense, ruffian is not related, and there is no evidence that ruffle is either.
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rough (n.)
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c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.
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rough (adj.)
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Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink").
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The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting.
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rough (v.)
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late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical: To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788]
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To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866).
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双语例句：
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1. The company I work for went through a rough patch.
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我所在的公司经历了一段困难时期。
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来自柯林斯例句
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2. She passed the needle through the rough cloth, back and forth.
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她一针一针地缝那块粗布。
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来自柯林斯例句
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3. A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.
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一艘捕鱼船和一艘货船在波涛汹涌的海上相撞了。
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来自柯林斯例句
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4. All women have a rough time in our society.
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在我们的社会中，所有女性的日子都不好过。
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来自柯林斯例句
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5. His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice.
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由于多年练习空手道，他的双手粗糙不平，布满老茧。
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来自柯林斯例句
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更多相关例句：
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rough ground
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高低不平的地面【牛津词典】
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The skin on her hands was hard and rough.
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她手上的皮肤粗糙而没有弹性。【牛津词典】
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Trim rough edges with a sharp knife.
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用锋利的刀将参差不齐的边切齐。【牛津词典】
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a rough calculation/estimate of the cost
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对成本的粗略计算 / 估计【牛津词典】
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I've got a rough idea of where I want to go.
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我大致知道我想去哪里了。【牛津词典】
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There were about 20 people there, at a rough guess .
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那里约计有20人。【牛津词典】
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a rough draft of a speech
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讲话草稿【牛津词典】
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a rough sketch
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草图【牛津词典】
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This watch is not designed for rough treatment.
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这块手表不可重拿重放。【牛津词典】
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They complained of rough handling by the guards.
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他们投诉警卫对他们动粗了。【牛津词典】
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rough kids
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粗野的小孩【牛津词典】
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Don't try any rough stuff with me!
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别想对我撒野！【牛津词典】
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the roughest neighbourhood in the city
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城市最危险的街区【牛津词典】
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His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice...
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由于多年练习空手道，他的双手粗糙不平，布满老茧。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Grace made her way slowly across the rough ground.
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格雷斯缓慢地走过高低不平的地面。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Rugby's a rough game at the best of times...
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即使是在比赛最不激烈的时候，橄榄球也是一种粗野的运动。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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They have complained of discrimination and occasional rough treatment.
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他们抗议遭受歧视，而且偶尔还会遭到粗暴的对待。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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It was quite a rough part of our town.
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这是我们城里犯罪率很高的地区。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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All women have a rough time in our society...
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在我们的社会中，所有女性的日子都不好过。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Tomorrow, he knew, would be a rough day.
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他知道明天将会是艰难的一天。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The virus won't go away and the lad is still feeling a bit rough.
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病毒无法清除，这个小伙子仍然觉得有点不舒服。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required...
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我们只能对所需燃料作一个粗略的估计。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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As a rough guide, a horse needs 2.5 per cent of his body weight in food every day.
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作为一个大致的参照，一匹马每天需要吃相当于其体重2.5％的食物。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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I've got a rough idea of what he looks like...
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我已经大致知道他长什么样子了。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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It often helps to make a rough sketch showing where the vehicles were.
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画一个简略的草图标示车辆当时所在的位置往往很有用。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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...a rough wooden table.
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做工粗糙的木桌子【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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...chairs set in a rough circle in the middle of the room.
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房间中央大致围成一圈的椅子【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.
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一艘捕鱼船和一艘货船在波涛汹涌的海上相撞了。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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It makes me so sad when I see young people begging or sleeping rough on the streets.
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我看到年轻人沿街乞讨、露宿街头，心里会非常难过。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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You won't be roughing it; each room comes equipped with a telephone and a 3-channel radio.
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你不会过得太艰苦;每个房间都配备了一部电话和一台可以接收3个频道的收音机。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates.【出自-2011年6月阅读原文】
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Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders【出自-2011年6月阅读原文】
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Sometimes a young child may get overexcited and be a little too rough, but it's never a serious matter.【2018年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section A】
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That may be one reason why so many people find relief in swimming when life seas get rough.【2018年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section B】
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I thought, "why don't they just try rolling the things" a square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.【2015年高考英语四川卷 阅读理解 阅读E 原文】
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The team practice, however was a rough start.【2016年高考英语天津卷 完形填空 原文】
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The trip they took me on was a rough one.【2017年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 七选五 原文】
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The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.【出自-2011年考研阅读原文】
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